Estudo dos custos gerados em RDBTs sob operação conjunta de GDFV e VE sujeitos aos controles Volt-Watt e Volt-VAr

Abstract

The increasing joint connection of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PDG) in Low Voltage Distribution Networks (LVDNs) in Brazil has the potential to generate significant technical and financial challenges, especially due to voltage limit violations and increased technical losses, as established by the regulations of the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) and tariff revision processes, respectively. In light of this, this research presents an evaluation of the operational costs associated with technical losses and the financial compensations paid by utilities, considering the use of Volt-VAr and Volt-Watt controllers coupled to PDG inverters and EV chargers. The study, based on scenarios located in Brazil, employs deterministic and probabilistic simulations to analyze the technical and financial impacts at different levels of joint penetration of EVs and PDG. Deterministic simulations evaluate specific and controlled cases to identify network behavior under varying penetration levels, considering fixed parameters for generation and charging. Probabilistic simulations utilize the Monte Carlo method and account for eight main variables: the random allocation of residences equipped with EVs and PDG, the battery capacities of EVs, solar irradiation, the phase connection order of EV chargers and PDG inverters, the power of chargers, the power of photovoltaic panels, and the EV charging curves. The deterministic results show that the Volt-Watt controller is more efficient in mitigating technical losses, while the Volt-VAr controller proved more effective in low penetration levels for voltage regulation. Probabilistic simulations reveal that compensation costs exceed costs associated with technical losses, especially in scenarios with high joint penetration. The Volt-Watt controller emerged as the most efficient solution for reducing overall operational costs for utilities, whereas the Volt-VAr controller was advantageous in scenarios with lower penetration levels. The results obtained for two real networks reinforce the importance of appropriate control strategies to ensure operational efficiency and financial balance in LVDNs in Brazil, considering local specificities and the growing demands for PDG and EV technologies.